COMPETITION  IN  EDUCATION

It   is not  surprising that  education  and competition are intimately  related. On  one hand,  it  is natural for children to compete and, therefore, understandable that competition is  put  to educational  use. On  the  other    hand, competition may be found  so important  in adult life, that a society especially educates  their young  to compete.  For  instance,  in  Sparta, the  most  prosperous  Greek  city  in  the  8th and 7th  centuries  BC, physical  education  was  dominated   by  contests,  in  particular the  Olympic  Games,   where  Spartans  often  won  more  than  half  of  the  top honors

Marcus  Verrius  Flaccus, a   Roman  teacher   famous   in the  late  1st  century BC , is  credited  to  have  introduced  the  principal  of  competition   among  his  student  as a  pedagogical  aid. He  awarded  attractive  books  as  prizes. The  Italian scholar Battista Guarino (1434--1513)  writes  in  his  account  of proper  educational  techniques,  De ordine docendi et studendi,  that  teachers should  refrain  from  physically  punishing  pupils, and that  students  are stimulated   by competition ,  which  can be  intensified  by  pairing  them  off.

Education  theorists  do  not  agree  on  whether competitive  desires  should  be encouraged  or  constrained. One  theory  claims  that,  since  competition  is  part  of every  culture  and  since  education  should  transmit  culture, it  is  necessary  to incorporate  competition  into  education  to  help  children  get   used  to it  in  later life. Another   theory  views  competition  as  opposed  to  collaboration  and,  therefore, as an  evil  element  in culture that  should be  curtailed. At  school  this often  results  in an  ambiguous attitude  towards  competition, which  confuses  students,  who  will then  try to compete  successfully  without  making  it  appear  they  compete.

It  may  help  to  distinguish  two  views  of  competition.  In  one   view , all  other competitors  are  perceived  as  the  focus  of  competition;  they  need  to  be  defeated.  In   the  second  view , the  focus  is  oneself  or  some  external  entity  (such as  the  clock  or  a  mathematical  problem). The  latter  view is  more  conducive  to teamwork,  which  has become  even more  important  in  modern  society .

                                    TECHNOLOGICAL  ENVIRONMENT

Technology   includes   all  aspects   of  appliecd   sciences  for  achieving  a  practical   purpose.

technology  is  viewed  as a  means  of  combining  four  factors  of   production  ( land , labour

capital  and   knowledge )  which  increases   the  ability  to  create  new  product  from  combining

these  factors  .

according  to G.  jones  and  C hill  ,  technology  is  the  combining  of  skills  and  equipment

that  mangers  use  in  the  design  production  and  distribution  of  goods  and  services.

Technology  which  are related  to  business  are  the  factor  of   Reduced   running  coast , im-

proved  productivity ,  lower  coast  per   unit  of  product  ,  improved  quality of  service ,  reduced 

wastage  .  

there are  three  areas  which make  the  which  make  the  effective  use  of  technology  and  they  

are   production  ,  investment    and  innovation  .  The  capabilities    of  technology   revolves 

around  its   people  .

Employee  must  have  ability  to  acquire   new  skills  .  Technology  can  cause  impact  on 

 business  firm  ,  shutting  dawn of  old  business ,Change  in  occupational  structure ,  displace 

of  employees .

BY  

Abhishek  singh 

 

                    TALKING  TO  YOUR  TEEN ABOUT  SEX

Sex   education  is  offered  in many  schools, but don't count on classroom instruction alone. Sex  education needs  to  happen at  home, too.  Help talking to  your  teen  about  sex.

Sex  education  basics  may be  covered  in  health  class,  but  your  teen  might  not  hear or understand  everything  he or  she needs  to  know  to  make tough  choices about sex. That's  where  you  come  in. Awkward  as  it may be, sex education is a parent's  responsibility. By  reinforcing  and  supplementing  what  your  teen learns in  school,  you  can  set   the stage for a lifetime  of healthy  sexuality .

Sex  is  a  staple  subject of news,  entertainment  and  advertising.  It's  often  hard to  avoid  this  ever-present  topic. But  when  parents  and  teens need to talk, it's not  always so  easy. If you wait for the perfect moment, you might miss the best opportunities. Instead, think of  sex  education  as  an  ongoing  conversation. Here  are some  ideas  to  help   you get  started — and  keep the  discussion  going.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Seize the moment.    When  a  TV  program or  music  video  raises  issues  about responsible  sexual   behavior,  use it  as  a springboard  for discussion. Remember  that everyday  moments — such  as  riding  in the  car or putting  away  groceries  , sometimes  offer  the  best  opportunities  to  talk.

      Be honest.     If you're  uncomfortable, say so ,   but   explain that  it's important  to keep talking. If   you  don't  know how  to   answer  your teen's  questions, offer  to find  the answers  or  look  them  up   together.

    Be direct.     Clearly  state  your  feelings  about  specific  issues, such  as  oral   sex  and  intercourse.   Present  the  risks  objectively,  including  emotional  pain,  sexually transmitted  infections  and  unplanned  pregnancy. Explain  that  oral   sex  isn't   a  risk-   free  alternative  to  intercourse.

Consider your teen's point of view.       Don't   lecture  your  teen  or  rely  on  scare tactics  to  discourage  sexual  activity.  Instead,   listen  carefully.  Understand  your  teen's pressures,  challenges  and concerns

Move beyond the facts.      Your   teen    needs   accurate  information  about  sex ,  but  it's  just  as  important  to  talk  about  feelings,   attitudes  and  values.  Examine  questions of  ethics  and  responsibility   in  the   context  of  your  personal  or  religious   beliefs .

• Invite more discussion.      Let   your  teen   know   that  it's  OK  to  talk  with  you about  sex  whenever  he  or  she  has  questions   or  concerns.  Reward  questions by saying,  "I'm  glad  you came  to  me."

 

BY 

Abhishek singh 

jalandhar

                                                Child labor  is  a   crime


 child  labor   is   a crime  committed  against  one   out  of  every  seven  children

around  the   world.  despite  laws  prohibited  it  ,  child  labor  is  rampant  in  

south  Asia's  Handmade   rug  industry.  children  age   4  to  14   are  kidnapped 

or  sold  and  forced  to  work  as  many  as  18  hours   a  day  to  weave  rugs  destined 

for  export   markets   such  as  the  U.S  and  Europe  .  They  are  subjected  to 

 malnutrition, ,  impaired  vision  deformities  from  sitting  long hours  in cramped

loom  sheds.   respiratory  diseases  from  inhaling  wool   Fibers  and  wounds  from 

using   sharp  tools  .   those  working  as bonded  laborers  have  no  choice  to 

earn  their  freedom  and  frequently  earn  title  or  no  money  .  this exploitation 

is  a  form  of  modern  slavery.     


once trafficked  into  one  forms  of  labor ,  there  is  a  strong   likelihood  that

children   may  later  be  sold  into  another   .   for  instance  ACCORDING   TO  UNITED  NATIONS  STUDY    high  percentage  of  girls 

from  rural  Nepal  ,  Recruited  to  work   in  carpet  factories  ,  are   trafficked  into

the  sex industry  over  the  boarder  in  India ''     

Certification  system  for  child-labor-  free  rugs ,   since  1995,  11 million child- labor 

free  carpets  bearing  the  good weave   label  have   been  sold  worldwide  ,  and   the  

number  of   carpets  kids  has  dropped  from  1  million  to  250,000.   yet  good weave

needs  your  help   to  eradicate child   exploitation   in  the  rug  industry  once  and 

for  all .

at  the  age  of   five ,  Kaamini   was  already   working  on   the  rug  looms.  while  she 

has  since  been  found  and  free   from  carpet  work.   through  good  wave  nearly 

3,600  kids   like  kaamini   have   been  rescued,    rehabilitated  ad  educated  .

          yet  good weave  needs  your  help  to  eradicate  child   exploitation  in  the   

           rug  industry  once  and  for  all.  

BY 

Abhishek  singh

jalandhar 

                                   Why  child  labour  exists ?

Unicef   defined  child  labour as  the  works  that  are  considerd  harmful  for  a  child 

and  exceed a  minimum  number  of  hours   I LO   defined   child  labour  as  damage 

to    childrens   health  , hamper  their  education  and  lead  to  furthur  exploitation

and  abuse .  I L O also  defined  the  worst  from   child  laobur   which  includes using 

children  in  armed  forces  .  ( i. e. in  africa ) ,  sexual  exploitition  like  prostituation

and  pornography .  illegal  activities  like  trafficking  of  drugs  etc .

one   of  the major  reasons  behind  child  labour is  poverty  when  children  have  no 

option  left  other  than  to  work  for  their   survivals  .  In   the  developing   countries 

when  the  govt.  fails  to  provide  the  basic  requirements  for  the  children  .  when

the  only  earning  member  or  suffering   from  serious  illness  .  Natural   calamity 

like   tsunami ,  cyclone ,  flood  etc .  also  drag  children   towards   child   labour.



  The  UN    published   the  childrens  right  in  the  convention  on  the  rights  of  the   child ,

   which  was   adopted   in  1989.    article  32  stated   that  govt.   need  to  recogise  

   the  right  of  the  child  to  be  protected   from  ecoomic  exploitation ,  likely  to 

  interfere   with   the  child's  health  or  physical  ,  mental ,  spritual , moral  or   social  

  devlopmet  .  article 28 - every  childs  right  to  education  ,   article 34 - govts.  must

  protect  children  from  sexual  exploitation  and  abuse  .


 
The  laws on   child  labour  may  seem  inadequate  because  even    though  more  than

130  countries  singed  in  the  international   conventions   for  not  allowing  children

to  work  under  14  or  15  but   to some  countries these  laws   are  stilled  confusing  

or  vague and  not  enforced . 


The  laws  to  regulate  child's  health  and  safety  at  work  are  rarely  enforced .

poor  infrastructure like  systematic  birth  registration  in  the  devloping  countries  fails  to  recognise  the  actual  age  of  the  children   and  employers  take  advantage  of  such  

loophies  .  according  to  I LO  from  2004  to  2008  only  3 %  reduction  of  child  labour .


International  key  regulation  had  a great  impact  as  it  impliedly  enforced  govts. 

to  enact some laws in  order  to protect  children  from  child  labour . The  chilren

of  third  world   countries  are  main victims  , so  its  the  duty of  these  international

organisation and  first  world countries  to  help  to  help  these  children  as  their 

govt.  cannot  ensure  the  basic  requirements   of  a  child  .   however  it will  not

be  the  wise  to  stop  working  of   children  ,  rather  proper  rehailitation  of  their

living  will  be    preferable  . 

What is child labour ?

                    What is  child   labour  ?

'' Child  laour ''  is  generally  speakig ,  work  for  children  that  harms  them  or 

or exploits  them  i  someway   ( physically, mentally  orally  or by  blockig  access  to  

education) .  it  is  the   work  that   exceeds  a  miimum  num. of  hours   depeding  on

the age  of   a  child  .  

61%  in  asia  , 32%  in  africa  7%  in  latin  america  ,  1%  in  U.S.  Caada ,  Europe and  otherwise

natios.  In  asia , 22%  of  the  workforce  is  children  246  millio  child  workers  aged  

5  and  17  were  involved  in  child  laour  out  of  which  171 millio   were   involved  in

work  that   by  its   nature  is  hazardous.  

accordig  to certain experts  appx.   million  bounded   children  labourers  are working 

asdome  in  south  asia .  beyond this  there  almost  55  million  bounded  child  labourers

hired  across a  various  other  idustries  less than  5%  of  child  labourers make  product  for  export  to  other   countries.

This  was  declared   by  the  parliyamet  on  23rd  dec, 1986,  it  includes prohibition

of  employment  of  children  i  certain  occupations   and   processes .  No  child   shall 

be  employed  or  permitted   to  work   in  any  other  occupatio  which  are  hazardous

by  its  nature  .

The  social  melady  of  child  laour  can  be  brought  undercontrol  ,  if  each  individual

take  resposibility of  reporting  about  any  one  employing  a  child  below  the  age  of  14  

years .  thus  instead  of   ignoring  one  should  find  out   about  reporting  child  labour

and  how  such  childre  ca  actually  e  saved   .   child  labour  can  be  controlled  if  the  

governmet   functions  effectively   with  the  support  of  the  public.

BY

Abhishek  singh

jalandhar 

STOP CHILD LABOUR

Child labour is a threat to the society.It is said that for a long time child-labour has been in vogue in india .They are seen working at hotels and restaurants,factories and hotels .Children are automatic choice of employers. for they work more but are under paid.

so stop child labour..Give me them following things ..

A child who gets a good social environment grows up to become a good citizen ,which in turn help the country to grow and develop .Education of the masses will be very helpful to raise consciousness of general people .For this mass media campaigns  over radio ,television and newspaper etc...

let all the children will enjoy the glory and beauty of childhood ..By taking this steps..