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                                 Women Empowerment

Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social, or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities .   

we see empowerment as a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters power in people for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society by acting on issues that they define as important.

That is women are encouraged to choose relationships based on mutual respect, understanding, and co-operation and therefore foster mutual growth is possible.  ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE   Women must learn to understand economics and how to make money. This will enable us to be financially self sufficient and therefore economically independent of men.

To liberate themselves, women must stop selling out their identities as women by rejecting restrictive gender roles, stereotypes and by claiming all territory as women’s territory. Make a own positive identification.  FREEDOM FROM OPPRESSION  Being able to grow and achieve without restrictions in society. This includes freedom of movement, freedom of choice, freedom from fear of male violence and freedom to express one’s ideas and opinions without constraint.  

The Role of women in the development of society is of utmost importance. In fact, it is the only thing that determines whether a society is strong and harmonious, or otherwise. Women are the backbone of society”.  Sri Sri Ravi Shankar

BY 

Abhishek singh 

jalandhar

                         THE  ROLE OF  MEDIA  (PRINT  and ELECTRONIC )

The   role  of  the  electronic  and print  media  in  influencing  public  and political  opinions  and  social issues  has  been  the  subject  of  both speculation  and  research.  It  is  widely  accepted  that  what  we  know  about, think  and  believe  about  what  happens  in  the   world, outside  of  personal experiences,  is  shaped  and  these  events  are  reported   in  newspapers  and communicated  through  print  and  electronic  media.  The  print  and electronic   media  organize  public  understanding.  However,  the  overall interpretations   they    provide  can  be  preferred  those  with  economic  power.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  All   media   companies   supporting    any  opinion  or                                          condemning   the alternative opinion of  others   based  on  the premise.    if  people  hear  enough  on  a   media   issue  they  will assume  that                 it is  right. That's what makes the media of today so dangerous that               it  seems nothing  is  confirmed  before  reporting.  Previously  all  news  had   to be confirmed by 2 sources before reporting any agreement within        the whole industry  but  not  now  the  race  being  on too  transmit,   that's  why the  media reports  all  as   news  and  views' -  nothing  therefore is a  proven fact. “The National  Readership  Survey,  2006  presents  some   interesting data. The country’s 230 million Television viewers

      (in 112 million homes)   now  exceed  its 203.6   million newspapers                 readers.  Cinema  going  has  declined  from  51  million  filmgoers    to  39            million  filmgoers  a  month. FM   radio  listeners  now  total  119   million.               Indian   language  newspaper  readership  is  fast  growing,  especially  in                   Hindi belt,  while  the  comparable  figure  for  English  dailies  has been                      stagnating  at  around  21 million.

1.   It  is  very  existent   that  media  plays  a  relevant  role  in  spreading information  and  helping  the  public  forms  an  opinion.  The  influence  it has  on  the  viewers   is  very  much   apparent  and  it  has  to  be  taken  into consideration  that  it  can  go   either   way.     The  Public’s  mind   is  not to be  trifled  with   or  it  can  have  some  serious  consequences.   Public opinion  embodied  in  predominant  political  views   or  in  election   results, can  have  considerable  influence  on  policymakers  that   need  approval from  the  electorate.  It  checks  corruption  within  the  government.  The media  initiate  or  reform   policy  and  legislation,  by  bringing  these  issues to  the  public.  So,  let  me  conclude  the  project  by  saying  that  M    edia is truly  a  platform   where  information  is  vital   and  has   to  be  handled properly.

BY   

Abhishek singh

jalandhar

          UNEMPLOYMENT  -  A  MAJOR  PROBLEM

Every  6th  person  in  the  world  is  an   Indian  and  every   3rd  poor  person  in the  world  is  also  an  Indian.   With   Increase  in  the  number  of   unemployed persons,   Poverty   expands.    The  problems   of   unemployment   and   poverty is  Very  High   which  demands  an  immediate  solution.   Till  5th  Five  Year Plan,  no  serious   efforts   were  taken  to  solve  the  unemployment  problem.  It   was  assumed  that  the  gains  of  economic  growth  would   percolate downwards   and   the   inequalities   would  decline  and  problems  of  poverty and  unemployment  would  get  solved  automatically.  Every   6th   person   in the   world   is  an  Indian   and  every  3rd  poor  person  in  the  world  is  also an  Indian.   With  Increase  in  the  number  of   unemployed  persons,  Poverty expands.    The   problems   of   unemployment    and   poverty   is  Very   High which   demands   an   immediate   solution.   Till   5th   Five   Year   Plan,    no serious   efforts   were   taken   to   solve    the   unemployment   problem.      It was   assumed   that   the   gains  of   economic   growth   would   percolate downwards   and   the   inequalities   would   decline   and problems   of   poverty and   unemployment   would   get   solved    automatically.

After   the   Fifth   Five   Year   Plan,   removal   of    unemployment    became   as one   of   the   important   Objectives   of   economic   planning   in   all    five    year    plans.  In   less   developed   countries   economic   growth   generally benefits    the   elite   groups   and,   as   a   result,   economic     Inequality   grow.    India   is  facing   the   same   problem   of    Inequalities.

                            There   are  some people who are unwilling work at the prevailing                                wage rate,or There are some people who get a continuous flow                                income from their property  or  other  sources  and  need  not                                            work. Voluntary Unemployment is  a  National wast of  human                                     energy.

    Number  of  persons  who  may  be  said  to   be  chronically  unemployed.   generally  gives   the  lowest  estimate  of   unemployment   especially  for  a poor   economy   because    only  a   few   can   afford   to    remain   without   work   over   a   long    period.    Current Weekly Status (CWS)   estimate reduces the   reference   period    as  instance   The    period   for   which   data   is   collected   to one   week.   According   to   this   estimate   a   person   is   said   to   be   employed   for   the   week    even   if   he     is employed    only    for    a   day during  that   week.    Current   Daily   Status   (CDS),      counts   every   half    day's   activity   status   of   the respondent   over   the   week.  Causes of Unemployment Causes of Unemployment    Jobless Growth.   Increase in Labour Force.    Inappropriate Technology.     Inappropriate   Educational System.         

By 

Abhishek  singh       

                         MORAL EDUCATION - A NEED

What  the  advantages  of  good  moral  values  in  education  are  ?  Why moral  education should  be  taught  in  the  schools ?  Why  school  teachers  should  have  to  teach  moral lessons  to  the  students ?  Actually  man  is  a  social  animal  and  he  have  to  live  and react  within  the  society . He  has  to  learn  different  social  habits  like  helping  the  people, gentleness,  respect  the  elders  and  teachers  and  so many. These  good  habits  make his a good  social  creature  and  he is known  as a good  person  for  others.  When  a  student attains  these  qualities  he  becomes  a   responsible  and  a   good  students  and  he  is  able to  behave  gentle  within  the  society.  When  he  learn  these  quality  within  the  school time,  his  homework  and  preparation  become  good.

Many  schools  have been searching the reasons of depreciation in moral values and they have been working  for developing  good  moral   values  among  the students.  However  moral  values  are  integrated  part of the education   and it  is   great emphasized  in  almost all countries. Generally Moral  Education  is not  a  specific  subject  for schools but it is taught  under  different  subjects like languages,  literature,  supplementary   reading  books  etc.   Moral Education   is   taught  as  a   separate  subject  like  Moral  in  a  few school .

It   is true that  textbooks  and  syllabus  fulfill the  needs  of moral  values but when a teacher wants to teach morl  values  he needs some other things also. Sometimes he uses moral  sayings, moral stories, and  diff.   type’s  cultural  activities to enhance the level of moral  education. Cultural activities are very   useful to manipulate and to teach   the moral education   lesson. 


Beside   cultural  activities there are many interesting activities for providing moral education lesson like  daily prayer where teachers can   arrange a daily activity as “The quote of the day”; where  students  say nice thoughts .


BY 
Abhishek  singh 

jalandhar

 

 

                            COMPETITION  IN  EDUCATION

It   is not  surprising that  education  and competition are intimately  related. On  one hand,  it  is natural for children to compete and, therefore, understandable that competition is  put  to educational  use. On  the  other    hand, competition may be found  so important  in adult life, that a society especially educates  their young  to compete.  For  instance,  in  Sparta, the  most  prosperous  Greek  city  in  the  8th and 7th  centuries  BC, physical  education  was  dominated   by  contests,  in  particular the  Olympic  Games,   where  Spartans  often  won  more  than  half  of  the  top honors

Marcus  Verrius  Flaccus, a   Roman  teacher   famous   in the  late  1st  century BC , is  credited  to  have  introduced  the  principal  of  competition   among  his  student  as a  pedagogical  aid. He  awarded  attractive  books  as  prizes. The  Italian scholar Battista Guarino (1434--1513)  writes  in  his  account  of proper  educational  techniques,  De ordine docendi et studendi,  that  teachers should  refrain  from  physically  punishing  pupils, and that  students  are stimulated   by competition ,  which  can be  intensified  by  pairing  them  off.

Education  theorists  do  not  agree  on  whether competitive  desires  should  be encouraged  or  constrained. One  theory  claims  that,  since  competition  is  part  of every  culture  and  since  education  should  transmit  culture, it  is  necessary  to incorporate  competition  into  education  to  help  children  get   used  to it  in  later life. Another   theory  views  competition  as  opposed  to  collaboration  and,  therefore, as an  evil  element  in culture that  should be  curtailed. At  school  this often  results  in an  ambiguous attitude  towards  competition, which  confuses  students,  who  will then  try to compete  successfully  without  making  it  appear  they  compete.

It  may  help  to  distinguish  two  views  of  competition.  In  one   view , all  other competitors  are  perceived  as  the  focus  of  competition;  they  need  to  be  defeated.  In   the  second  view , the  focus  is  oneself  or  some  external  entity  (such as  the  clock  or  a  mathematical  problem). The  latter  view is  more  conducive  to teamwork,  which  has become  even more  important  in  modern  society .

                                    TECHNOLOGICAL  ENVIRONMENT

Technology   includes   all  aspects   of  appliecd   sciences  for  achieving  a  practical   purpose.

technology  is  viewed  as a  means  of  combining  four  factors  of   production  ( land , labour

capital  and   knowledge )  which  increases   the  ability  to  create  new  product  from  combining

these  factors  .

according  to G.  jones  and  C hill  ,  technology  is  the  combining  of  skills  and  equipment

that  mangers  use  in  the  design  production  and  distribution  of  goods  and  services.

Technology  which  are related  to  business  are  the  factor  of   Reduced   running  coast , im-

proved  productivity ,  lower  coast  per   unit  of  product  ,  improved  quality of  service ,  reduced 

wastage  .  

there are  three  areas  which make  the  which  make  the  effective  use  of  technology  and  they  

are   production  ,  investment    and  innovation  .  The  capabilities    of  technology   revolves 

around  its   people  .

Employee  must  have  ability  to  acquire   new  skills  .  Technology  can  cause  impact  on 

 business  firm  ,  shutting  dawn of  old  business ,Change  in  occupational  structure ,  displace 

of  employees .

BY  

Abhishek  singh 

 

                    TALKING  TO  YOUR  TEEN ABOUT  SEX

Sex   education  is  offered  in many  schools, but don't count on classroom instruction alone. Sex  education needs  to  happen at  home, too.  Help talking to  your  teen  about  sex.

Sex  education  basics  may be  covered  in  health  class,  but  your  teen  might  not  hear or understand  everything  he or  she needs  to  know  to  make tough  choices about sex. That's  where  you  come  in. Awkward  as  it may be, sex education is a parent's  responsibility. By  reinforcing  and  supplementing  what  your  teen learns in  school,  you  can  set   the stage for a lifetime  of healthy  sexuality .

Sex  is  a  staple  subject of news,  entertainment  and  advertising.  It's  often  hard to  avoid  this  ever-present  topic. But  when  parents  and  teens need to talk, it's not  always so  easy. If you wait for the perfect moment, you might miss the best opportunities. Instead, think of  sex  education  as  an  ongoing  conversation. Here  are some  ideas  to  help   you get  started — and  keep the  discussion  going.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Seize the moment.    When  a  TV  program or  music  video  raises  issues  about responsible  sexual   behavior,  use it  as  a springboard  for discussion. Remember  that everyday  moments — such  as  riding  in the  car or putting  away  groceries  , sometimes  offer  the  best  opportunities  to  talk.

      Be honest.     If you're  uncomfortable, say so ,   but   explain that  it's important  to keep talking. If   you  don't  know how  to   answer  your teen's  questions, offer  to find  the answers  or  look  them  up   together.

    Be direct.     Clearly  state  your  feelings  about  specific  issues, such  as  oral   sex  and  intercourse.   Present  the  risks  objectively,  including  emotional  pain,  sexually transmitted  infections  and  unplanned  pregnancy. Explain  that  oral   sex  isn't   a  risk-   free  alternative  to  intercourse.

Consider your teen's point of view.       Don't   lecture  your  teen  or  rely  on  scare tactics  to  discourage  sexual  activity.  Instead,   listen  carefully.  Understand  your  teen's pressures,  challenges  and concerns

Move beyond the facts.      Your   teen    needs   accurate  information  about  sex ,  but  it's  just  as  important  to  talk  about  feelings,   attitudes  and  values.  Examine  questions of  ethics  and  responsibility   in  the   context  of  your  personal  or  religious   beliefs .

• Invite more discussion.      Let   your  teen   know   that  it's  OK  to  talk  with  you about  sex  whenever  he  or  she  has  questions   or  concerns.  Reward  questions by saying,  "I'm  glad  you came  to  me."

 

BY 

Abhishek singh 

jalandhar

                                                Child labor  is  a   crime


 child  labor   is   a crime  committed  against  one   out  of  every  seven  children

around  the   world.  despite  laws  prohibited  it  ,  child  labor  is  rampant  in  

south  Asia's  Handmade   rug  industry.  children  age   4  to  14   are  kidnapped 

or  sold  and  forced  to  work  as  many  as  18  hours   a  day  to  weave  rugs  destined 

for  export   markets   such  as  the  U.S  and  Europe  .  They  are  subjected  to 

 malnutrition, ,  impaired  vision  deformities  from  sitting  long hours  in cramped

loom  sheds.   respiratory  diseases  from  inhaling  wool   Fibers  and  wounds  from 

using   sharp  tools  .   those  working  as bonded  laborers  have  no  choice  to 

earn  their  freedom  and  frequently  earn  title  or  no  money  .  this exploitation 

is  a  form  of  modern  slavery.     


once trafficked  into  one  forms  of  labor ,  there  is  a  strong   likelihood  that

children   may  later  be  sold  into  another   .   for  instance  ACCORDING   TO  UNITED  NATIONS  STUDY    high  percentage  of  girls 

from  rural  Nepal  ,  Recruited  to  work   in  carpet  factories  ,  are   trafficked  into

the  sex industry  over  the  boarder  in  India ''     

Certification  system  for  child-labor-  free  rugs ,   since  1995,  11 million child- labor 

free  carpets  bearing  the  good weave   label  have   been  sold  worldwide  ,  and   the  

number  of   carpets  kids  has  dropped  from  1  million  to  250,000.   yet  good weave

needs  your  help   to  eradicate child   exploitation   in  the  rug  industry  once  and 

for  all .

at  the  age  of   five ,  Kaamini   was  already   working  on   the  rug  looms.  while  she 

has  since  been  found  and  free   from  carpet  work.   through  good  wave  nearly 

3,600  kids   like  kaamini   have   been  rescued,    rehabilitated  ad  educated  .

          yet  good weave  needs  your  help  to  eradicate  child   exploitation  in  the   

           rug  industry  once  and  for  all.  

BY 

Abhishek  singh

jalandhar 

                                   Why  child  labour  exists ?

Unicef   defined  child  labour as  the  works  that  are  considerd  harmful  for  a  child 

and  exceed a  minimum  number  of  hours   I LO   defined   child  labour  as  damage 

to    childrens   health  , hamper  their  education  and  lead  to  furthur  exploitation

and  abuse .  I L O also  defined  the  worst  from   child  laobur   which  includes using 

children  in  armed  forces  .  ( i. e. in  africa ) ,  sexual  exploitition  like  prostituation

and  pornography .  illegal  activities  like  trafficking  of  drugs  etc .

one   of  the major  reasons  behind  child  labour is  poverty  when  children  have  no 

option  left  other  than  to  work  for  their   survivals  .  In   the  developing   countries 

when  the  govt.  fails  to  provide  the  basic  requirements  for  the  children  .  when

the  only  earning  member  or  suffering   from  serious  illness  .  Natural   calamity 

like   tsunami ,  cyclone ,  flood  etc .  also  drag  children   towards   child   labour.



  The  UN    published   the  childrens  right  in  the  convention  on  the  rights  of  the   child ,

   which  was   adopted   in  1989.    article  32  stated   that  govt.   need  to  recogise  

   the  right  of  the  child  to  be  protected   from  ecoomic  exploitation ,  likely  to 

  interfere   with   the  child's  health  or  physical  ,  mental ,  spritual , moral  or   social  

  devlopmet  .  article 28 - every  childs  right  to  education  ,   article 34 - govts.  must

  protect  children  from  sexual  exploitation  and  abuse  .


 
The  laws on   child  labour  may  seem  inadequate  because  even    though  more  than

130  countries  singed  in  the  international   conventions   for  not  allowing  children

to  work  under  14  or  15  but   to some  countries these  laws   are  stilled  confusing  

or  vague and  not  enforced . 


The  laws  to  regulate  child's  health  and  safety  at  work  are  rarely  enforced .

poor  infrastructure like  systematic  birth  registration  in  the  devloping  countries  fails  to  recognise  the  actual  age  of  the  children   and  employers  take  advantage  of  such  

loophies  .  according  to  I LO  from  2004  to  2008  only  3 %  reduction  of  child  labour .


International  key  regulation  had  a great  impact  as  it  impliedly  enforced  govts. 

to  enact some laws in  order  to protect  children  from  child  labour . The  chilren

of  third  world   countries  are  main victims  , so  its  the  duty of  these  international

organisation and  first  world countries  to  help  to  help  these  children  as  their 

govt.  cannot  ensure  the  basic  requirements   of  a  child  .   however  it will  not

be  the  wise  to  stop  working  of   children  ,  rather  proper  rehailitation  of  their

living  will  be    preferable  . 

What is child labour ?

                    What is  child   labour  ?

'' Child  laour ''  is  generally  speakig ,  work  for  children  that  harms  them  or 

or exploits  them  i  someway   ( physically, mentally  orally  or by  blockig  access  to  

education) .  it  is  the   work  that   exceeds  a  miimum  num. of  hours   depeding  on

the age  of   a  child  .  

61%  in  asia  , 32%  in  africa  7%  in  latin  america  ,  1%  in  U.S.  Caada ,  Europe and  otherwise

natios.  In  asia , 22%  of  the  workforce  is  children  246  millio  child  workers  aged  

5  and  17  were  involved  in  child  laour  out  of  which  171 millio   were   involved  in

work  that   by  its   nature  is  hazardous.  

accordig  to certain experts  appx.   million  bounded   children  labourers  are working 

asdome  in  south  asia .  beyond this  there  almost  55  million  bounded  child  labourers

hired  across a  various  other  idustries  less than  5%  of  child  labourers make  product  for  export  to  other   countries.

This  was  declared   by  the  parliyamet  on  23rd  dec, 1986,  it  includes prohibition

of  employment  of  children  i  certain  occupations   and   processes .  No  child   shall 

be  employed  or  permitted   to  work   in  any  other  occupatio  which  are  hazardous

by  its  nature  .

The  social  melady  of  child  laour  can  be  brought  undercontrol  ,  if  each  individual

take  resposibility of  reporting  about  any  one  employing  a  child  below  the  age  of  14  

years .  thus  instead  of   ignoring  one  should  find  out   about  reporting  child  labour

and  how  such  childre  ca  actually  e  saved   .   child  labour  can  be  controlled  if  the  

governmet   functions  effectively   with  the  support  of  the  public.

BY

Abhishek  singh

jalandhar